카지노 게임 컬렉션�Damn, we got it. We won one in their barn!카지노 게임 컬렉션�

To Cree hockey player Eugene Arcand, these words made little sense. You see, in the 11 years he had skated for two Saskatchewan Indian residential schools 카지노 게임 컬렉션� as sweater number 14, residential school number 781 카지노 게임 컬렉션� no settler teams had ever visited the dilapitated outdoor rinks at residential school in Duck Lake or the in Lebret.

It wasn카지노 게임 컬렉션�t until he was 23, when Arcand became the only Indigenous player in the region카지노 게임 컬렉션�s Intermediate AAA hockey league, that he learned from settler teammates that 카지노 게임 컬렉션�home ice카지노 게임 컬렉션� is supposed to be 카지노 게임 컬렉션�an advantage.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

We 카지노 게임 컬렉션� Mike Auksi (Anishinaabe/Estonian) and Sam McKegney (white settler of Irish/German descent) 카지노 게임 컬렉션� are researchers with the Indigenous Hockey Research Network (IHRN). We interviewed Arcand in Kingston, as part of our network카지노 게임 컬렉션�s preliminary work to cultivate critical understandings of hockey카지노 게임 컬렉션�s role in relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Arcand, whose Cree/nēhiýawēwin name is aski kananumohwatah and whose is 380, knows what it카지노 게임 컬렉션�s like to be denied the right to play in a 카지노 게임 컬렉션�home barn카지노 게임 컬렉션� in his traditional territory of . He was a member of the and has been in support of Indigenous sport in Saskatchewan and across the country.

As such, he understands hockey as a site of prejudice, but also as a site rife with potential for positive change.

카지노 게임 컬렉션�We didn카지노 게임 컬렉션�t ever get to socialize카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Regimentation, discipline and control were at the core of residential school design, as a means of conditioning Indigenous children to shed their cultural values. , say Indigenous studies scholar Braden Te Hiwi of the 카지노게임사이트 of British Columbia and sport historian and sociologist Janice Forsyth of Western 카지노게임사이트, also an IHRN researcher.

Exactly how sport curricula was used varied over time and territory, as well as along gender lines, during more than 100 years of residential schooling in Canada.

Where they were present, sports like hockey were built into the institutions카지노 게임 컬렉션�s social engineering regime as what 카지노게임사이트 of Ottawa health researcher Michael Robidoux calls a 카지노 게임 컬렉션�.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Yet, the experiences of Indigenous players were not confined by institutional objectives or the goals of individual overseers. Forsyth and historian Evan Habkirk, also of Western 카지노게임사이트, argue that sports helped many students 카지노 게임 컬렉션�make it through residential school카지노 게임 컬렉션� by being a forum in which they could develop .

As Cree residential school survivor Philip Michel explained in a talk he gave at :

카지노 게임 컬렉션�We were told we were no good in residential school. But in hockey, we were good. We were just as good as anybody. In many cases, we were better.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Arcand recalled his teammates showcasing their skill against settler teams at tournaments. However, their experiences differed dramatically from those of the non-Indigenous kids:

카지노 게임 컬렉션�We카지노 게임 컬렉션�d put all our equipment on at the school and get on the bus and we카지노 게임 컬렉션�d go to whatever town카지노 게임 컬렉션� and we카지노 게임 컬렉션�d play sometimes three games in one day. After each game, we카지노 게임 컬렉션�d get back on the bus카지노 게임 컬렉션� We didn카지노 게임 컬렉션�t ever get to socialize against our opponents.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Years later, Arcand asked a former supervisor from the residential school, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션�Why would you make us wear our equipment all day like that? Other kids got to undress. Other kids got to run around the rink. And we didn카지노 게임 컬렉션�t. We had to wear our same stinky equipment all day long.카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션� The supervisor replied, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션�So you wouldn카지노 게임 컬렉션�t run away.카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Project to assimilate

In an 1887 memorandum to cabinet, , prime minister and minister of Indian Affairs, identified the 카지노 게임 컬렉션�great aim카지노 게임 컬렉션� of the Indian Act legislation as being to 카지노 게임 컬렉션�.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Contradictions, however, persisted at the heart of this legislation. When residential schools were at their peak, policies like on the Prairies actively prevented Indigenous people from integrating into settler society. While residential schooling was ostensibly about absorption, contemporary policies enacted barriers to inclusion by restricting mobility.

In Arcand카지노 게임 컬렉션�s team카지노 게임 컬렉션�s segregation from the settler teams, we see a similar contradiction at play. Residential schools were intended to condition Indigenous youth to self-identify not as Indigenous but as Canadian 카지노 게임 컬렉션� with hockey functioning as a marker of such identification.

Yet the Indigenous players at the tournament were treated as second-class citizens, forbidden from fraternizing with the other players.

The government카지노 게임 컬렉션�s political goal of eliminating Indigenous rights and identities was never accompanied by a similar commitment toward eliminating settler perceptions of Indigenous inferiority.

Assimilation, in Canada, has never meant equality.

Calls to action in sport

Another factor complicating Indigenous is the way .

The IHRN카지노 게임 컬렉션�s early research suggests that hockey is linked to the . Hockey belongs to Canadians because it belongs in the Canadian landscape, so the story goes. Thus, participation in the game allows settlers to imagine they belong here too 카지노 게임 컬렉션� with adverse implications for Indigenous people.

Arcand remembers the ferocious nature of anti-Indigenous racism in Saskatchewan hockey in the 1970s. So much so, he shares, that when his team카지노 게임 컬렉션�s trainers packed up the sticks after a road game, they카지노 게임 컬렉션�d leave his out for safety.

카지노 게임 컬렉션�I had to use my stick to defend myself in those arenas.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Anti-Indigenous racism persists in Canadian hockey today. In the past year, faced taunts of 카지노 게임 컬렉션�savages카지노 게임 컬렉션� from spectators, players and coaches at the Coupe Challenge tournament in Québec. Five First Nations teams from Manitoba found themselves without a league to play in .

Yet teams, coaches, players and fans are not without the artillery to make positive change. The Final Report of the TRC provides guidance on Sport and Reconciliation.

The report calls for government-sponsored athlete development, culturally relevant programming for coaches, trainers and officials, as well as anti-racism awareness training.

Arcand has worked much of his life to eliminate barriers to participation in sport for Indigenous, racialized and economically challenged athletes. To truly foster inclusion, he says, hockey associations need to confront racism and settler entitlement through disciplinary actions with sufficient teeth to create conditions of safety.

카지노 게임 컬렉션�Why are the people in power,카지노 게임 컬렉션� he asks, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�not stepping up to properly enforce excluding these people who deserve to be excluded from the sport?카지노 게임 컬렉션�

카지노 게임 컬렉션�We still need the game카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Between 1975 and 1981, long before and other football players카지노 게임 컬렉션� celebrated acts of protest, Arcand refused to stand for the Canadian national anthem. When told to do so during a playoff game, he responded, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션�Coach, you want me to stand up? I카지노 게임 컬렉션�m going to get up and you카지노 게임 컬렉션�ll never see me again. Your choice. Make it right now.카지노 게임 컬렉션�카지노 게임 컬렉션� The coach never bothered him again.

Years later, when the horrors of residential school were coming to light through the TRC, one of Arcand카지노 게임 컬렉션�s settler teammates from those days embraced him at the World U20 Hockey Tournament in Saskatchewan. He told Arcand, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�Now we understand.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Arcand, a target of brutal assimilation policies and racist violence, says:

카지노 게임 컬렉션�Sports saved my life, hockey saved my life.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

Provided Canadians reckon with hockey카지노 게임 컬렉션�s relationship to settler colonialism and racism, Arcand insists, 카지노 게임 컬렉션�We still need the game.카지노 게임 컬렉션�

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 is an associate professor of English Language and Literature at  and  is an Indigenous research officer at 

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